The Evolution of Man - 1144 Words

Everything as we know it all started with a bang literally, it formed planets, stars, and even life forms. When it comes to mankind however, we are relatively new to the universe despite most peoples beliefs that the universe revolves around us. Without bringing religion into the mix, â€Å"all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years(human origins) which is quite some time compared to our life span. As we evolved we adapted and became smarter and better able to survive. Survival of the fittest did not appear to be the case, the more we evolved, the more over populated the world became. So what have we over come as a species, and where are we heading for the future generations?†¦show more content†¦Each tribe knew with justification that if it was not armed and ready, its very existence was imperiled(discover magazine). Through competition with each other, we as a species have been driven to adapt and evolve to ov ercome struggles that past generations have failed at. It’s also led to the growth of our cognitive skills, most inventions that we have created are either heal or war related. Once again group selection is pushing us to create something bigger and better than the last technology to overcome the obstacle in front of them. Others have also theorized that our lust for battle is also an unconscious urge to regulate the population. If we never had wars, by now our population would be in the trillion and we would never be force to evolve either. Not only has war forced us to evolve, but also has disease. Over the millions of years we have occupied the earth disease have wiped out entire civilizations. As we were forced to evolve from war, it’s the same case with disease. Over these millions of years we have faced the Black Plague, yellow fever, malaria, and that’s only the tip of the metaphorical ice berg. As each of these diseases have hit man kind we have adapted a nd built immunity as well as a wide range of medical advance’s that have mostly come to light with in the past thousand years or so. These immunities have come to pass because once a human has become immune they pass it to theirShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Man1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of man Describe the evolution of man Georgina Taylor 10/10/2012 Word count: 1141 â€Æ' The Evolution of Man The greatest mysteries of science, a subject which intrigues us all is how exactly the human species evolved. Evolution is the sequential process of change over periods of time which shape and establish the formation of modern man. Evolution is a term derived from the Latin wordRead MoreEvolution Of The Origin Of Man862 Words   |  4 PagesFirst Draft Creationists say that teaching evolution in school would go against what they believe about the origins of man. But Evolution does not cover the origins of man, but how entire species have changed with time. US public schools should teach evolution as scientific fact because there is fossil evidence, bacterial evidence, and there is evidence hidden inside of the genes in all living things. Fossil’s from all over the world show evidence of evolution and change in entire species. ScientistsRead MoreEssay about Evolution of a Man546 Words   |  3 PagesEvolution is a slow, tedious process that has been going on for thousands of years. Evolution can happen in places such as the world itself, in plants and animals, and of coarse in the human being. 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As the novelRead MoreThe Evolution Of Man Has Always Been A Controversial Topic1825 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The evolution of man has always been a controversial topic. However, no matter what your beliefs are the fact is that man evolved from primates. There is very credible fossil evidence to back this up. Fossils allow us to dig deeper into our past and give us an understanding of what life was like for our ancestors. Particularly, I believe that fossils of our ancestors show that we had to develop bipedalism because of natural selection and environmental factors. Grade I: The LemuroidsRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Darwin s The Origin Of Species Declared That Human Beings Developed Overtime From More Simple Forms843 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclared that human beings developed overtime from more simple forms. Evolution suggested that the human species originated from ape-like creatures and gradually changed in structure. 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Bells Chemicals Coursework Free Essays

Bells Chemicals is at present facing a major problem that it had never faced since its inception. As I have been given the responsibility to sort it out, I will work to the best of my knowledge and capabilities in arriving at an appropriate decision. The four-member team appointed to decide which of the two machines (Chemex and AFU) to purchase for its oldest product – Preserve, has not been successful in doing so. We will write a custom essay sample on Bells Chemicals Coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now All the four members have their own viewpoints and the situation has become very confusing. The machines in the Preserve unit have not been replaced ever. They were performing well all these ten years, but now there is breakdown of one of the machines. There are two choices for the company i. e. buying the Chemex machine (the one that was being used all these years) again or to go for the new AFU unit. Arriving at a correct decision is the problem. Had the company made an autocratic decision there would have been no need to consult its key professionals. But this approach would have been termed unfriendly. The friendly approach has some of the disadvantages like the current dilemma. However, keeping aside other things, coming up with a perfect solution is the need of the hour now. I think the company should go for the Chemex machine. This decision of mine can be characterised as the rational way of decision-making. The Normative Decision Making model i. e. defining a problem and rigorously working around it has helped me in arriving at this decision. I have optimized as much as possible to come to a decision beneficial to the organisation. The rational approach of problem solving is the path I have taken. Main body of the report Mr. Steve Bell is not much interested in getting funds from outside. Especially when the company had recently financed most of its capital investments from its own retained profits, for products and capital investments for other products of the company. Capital required to install a new Chemex machine is much lower than the AFU unit. Not only this, by installing the Chemex machine the company will also be saved with the hassle and stress of taking its first short term loan. The funding of regular operations of the company all round the year will get affected as the company has exhausted accumulated profits in developments and expansion of other products. Hence this financial year, internal funding is a major issue too. Operating cost of AFU unit is extremely expensive when compared to the operating cost of the Chemex. machine. At the present market stage it is impossible for the company to cover additional cost of ? 18000 as operating cost against advantages, which are not very well defined. If we go through the viewpoints of the marketing manager we can derive the following information about our present and expected market. †¢ Company’s production need for current market: 90000 Kg †¢ Company’s production need for expected market: 100000 Kg †¢ Annual market need for current market: 200000 Kg †¢ Annual market need for expected market: 250000 Kg When compared to the production and selling cost estimate of ? 320 per Kg for AFU unit to production and selling cost of ? 350 for Chemex machine, the AFU unit brings forward a brighter picture. Also with the AFU unit production and selling cost can be reduced by ? 2700000 a year at current production rate but we cannot neglect the high acquisition and operating cost attached to the AFU unit either. Retaining present market share should be the current goal of the company keeping in mind the emergence of new competitors in the market. The chief chemist has been trying to modify the product; Preserve so that it can be used in wider ranges of food products, but has not been successful yet. The increase in market demand at this market stage can also not be predicted. Therefore demand for increase in production is out of the way. Hence for the next couple of years it is advisable to install a new Chemex machine instead of the AFU unit to satisfactorily cover the market growth. Why to waste money on an expensive machine when a cheaper one can meet the requirements successfully? Quality is one of the major issues for the marketing manager with new competitors in the horizon. The marketing manager will naturally aim to increase, or at least retain his market share for the best benefits. If the AFU unit is installed then, there will be a major quality inconsistency. Chances are that the other Chemex machine that is giving good performance and the new AFU unit will produce different qualities of the same product. This is quiet normal because two different machines can give different end results. The integrity of the company will become questionable then. Customers will find two different items in two similarly packaged products. They might react negatively in this situation and chances are they might even turn to the products of our competitors. This is a big price to pay if AFU is installed. Installing AFU unit has one advantage and that is – it does not require expenditure in quality control as it has an automatic quality control system. On the other hand the recruited technicians of the company do the quality control of the Chemex machines. They are the regularly paid staff. With the installation of the AFU unit they will have to be paid the same money for half of the their actual work. Their salary cannot be cut down as chances of revolt in the company can erupt because they will never allow a cut in their salaries for no fault of theirs. Hence from this angle too it is a more intelligent step to go for the Chemex machine instead of the AFU unit. Keeping the high cost of the AFU unit, its maintenance will probably be good but we cannot be sure without testing it. Chemex machines require regular maintenance but this is not a problem for the company. Since Chemex is a local company, any breakdown is immediately rectified. After working with the Chemex machines for such a long period of time, the technicians have also become experts in handling its minor problems to a great extent. But the breakdown of the AFU unit will become a major headache for the company for sometime. Each time anything will go wrong, the company will have to get totally dependent on its manufactures who are not local like that of the Chemex machines. A lot of time will get wasted in all this. Keeping this factor in mind, again the Chemex machine scores over the AFU unit. Another major concern is the after sales service. After Sales Service of Chemex has been tested and they have always satisfied the company so the future is secure with this supplier. This cannot be said in the AFU’s case at the moment. I have applied Creative Decision Making model, Optimizing model, Kralijic’c Purchasing model and of course the Normative Decision Making model while arriving at the decision regarding the purchase of the correct machine. Through Creative Decision Making model I recognized the problem after going through the case study. By going through the viewpoints of the four key members of the SMG team, I coherently arranged the information regarding the two machines. I analyzed the whole problem from different angles with the help of the information I had gathered and arranged. I came out with multiple solutions of the same problem. Then I went through all the alternatives one by one and chose the most correct option. Through the Optimizing model I was able to optimise the alternatives of the problem situation. Since this model is similar to the Creative Decision Making Model and the rational approach that I took, things became easier to sort out. According to Have et. al. (2003, p. 115) â€Å"The Kralijic’s (1983) purchasing model and the variations developed over the last decades help management select the most appropriate purchasing strategies for different types of products, thereby optimizing the trade-off between cost and risk. Costs include both the direct and indirect cost of purchasing, for example, management time, and trouble shooting and drawing up contracts. Two basic dimensions are included in Kraljic’s matrix: †¢ Impact on financial result †¢ Supply risk (or uncertainty)† I went through this approach too, to arrive at a strong and appropriate decision. Since requirement of this report was to base it on the Normative Decision Making model I followed the following steps while approaching the decision: †¢ Defining of the exact problem †¢ Setting of the objectives †¢ Identifying the alternatives †¢ Evaluating appropriately †¢ Making choice of the best alternative †¢ Sensitivity Analysis †¢ Arriving at the best decision Recommendation I recommend the company to go ahead and purchase the Chemex machine. By doing so the company would not only be paying attention to the profitability of the company, financial viability of the decision but also the satisfaction level of its entire staff. The customer will also remain loyal to the company because they will not find any inconsistency in the products they have got used to since the past ten years. The members of the SMG team who were pro AFU unit will also agree with me if they go through this report as at this stage when we have limited resources and growing number of competitors we should stick to the theory that ‘the old is gold’. References Drennan, D. , and Pennington, S. , 1999. 12 Ladders To World Class Performance: how YOUR organization can compete with the best in the world. UK: Kogan Page Limited. Fitzroy, P. , and Hulbert, J. , 2005. Strategic Management: Creating Value In Turbulent Times. Great Britain: John Wiley Sons, INC. Have, S. T. , et. al. , 2003. Key Management Models: the management tools and practices that will improve your business. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited. Hegde, Y. S. , and Krishna, R. , 1993. The A to Z of Management Skills. New Delhi: UBSPD. How to cite Bells Chemicals Coursework, Papers

Air polution Essay Example For Students

Air polution Essay Air pollution is nothing new. Ever since the discovery of fire, less-than-desirable substances have been vented into the air. One of the first air-pollution regulations dates back to the fourteenth century, when King Edward I banned the burning of sea coal in lime kilns. U.S. air-pollution regulations have their roots in British Common Law. But regardless of those efforts, air pollution continues to be a serious local and world-wide problem. Pollution is the pressure within the air of one or more substances that are harmful to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property. In the past with air pollution we included mainly the outdoor pollutants, although in recent years this is not the case. Today we separate pollutants in to two categories. Primary pollutants, because they come directly from various sources, and secondary which are by-products of chemical interactions of the primary pollutants within the atmosphere. Although air pollution might be thought of as unwanted g ases in the atmosphere, two of five primary pollutants are really solid substances called particulates. Soot has always been a sure indicator of a polluted atmosphere, but other than soiling and a negative psychological effect, soot cant settle into the lungs and cause serious diseases. Thick ,black smoke coming out of a stack is that what we think causes the pollution, but what really creates the damage is what we cant see. Particles like this are called suspended particles. They come from many incomplete burning and can consist a variety of substances. The most harmful type of particulate is so small that that it is microscopic. All the particulates are harmful for several reasons. When inhaled, they can damage the interior of the lung; they can also be poisonous. Sometimes gases will glue to their surfaces and in a process called adsorption they can reach the lungs. All these particles are mainly products of combustion. The major sources include industrial processes, power plants that are both coal and oil-fired, residential heating, and transportation. But coal burning is the greatest source. Table 1 below shows estimates of U.S. particulate emissions from various sources. National U.S. Emissions Estimates-1990 SOURCE PARTICULATES SULFUR OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDES Only 13% of the total is generated by transportation. Industrial sources account for nearly three times as much as 37%. Fires account for just about as much particulate emissions as transportation. That amount is matched by combustion from sources, which include the generation of all heat and electricity. When coal was the main source to generate energy, power plants and homes accounted for much greater contribution. The switch to oil and nuclear power has lowered those concentrations, but it hasnt been without its own problems. In addition to health-related problems, particles can damage materials through corrosion and erosion, as well as soiling. Particles can also impact the weather, through chan ges in visibility, and even in enhancing precipitation. Studies around major urban areas show an increase in precipitation and in thunderstorms with hail downwind from downtown areas. The weather modification is localizes but definite, and may be related to an increase in the large condensation nuclei that the particles provide. Lead particulates are brutal primary pollutant. Their presence in the atmosphere has diminished sharply during the past 29 years. Since 1975, the concentration of lead has decreased by more than 90%, which can be directly linked to the elimination of lead from gasoline. The following table shows that huge drop. Another primary group of pollutants consists of the surfur oxides(Sox), and the major contributor is SO2, a sulfur dioxide. This is generated whenever sulfur is burned, most often where fuel with a high sulfur content is used. Coal can have very high sulfur concentrations, as can some oil. Overall, coal and oil are the major sources for sulfur oxide p ollution. The vast majority of this type of air pollution comes from generation of heat and electricity. These stationary sources account about 80% of all sulfur oxides. Transportations contribution is minor, about 5%. The rest comes from industry. Sulfur dioxides cause damage to vegetation and material. Plants lose their chlorophyll which is the plants food factory. But the most damage appears when sulfur oxides combine with other substances. Because of its solubility, sulfur dioxide becomes a major contributor to acid deposition. Leaves are bleached and show damage. Tree growth is stunted and vegetation dies. Damage to vegetation occurs at concentrations lower than what is harmful to people. Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless , tasteless,non-corrosive, highly poisonous gas of about the same density as that of air. It is very flammable, burns in air with bright blue flame. Its melting point is at-205.0 C and boiling point is at -191.5 C. There is no way to know if it is around, except we may no feel so well. When a fire burns in an enclosed space, oxygen is gradually depleted and carbon dioxide is increased. The changes in both of the these gases increasingly cause the combustion process to change from one of complete combustion to one of incomplete combustion, resulting in the release of increasing amounts of CO. Thus, even a perfectly designed and adjusted furnace or water heater (or any kind of combustion device) will eventually begin producing toxic/lethal amounts of CO if it operates in a closed space and/or where insufficient fresh air is available. Table three lists some of the effects of CO to humans. CO concentration in Parts Per Million or as as percentage of air % of CO in air Inhalation time and toxic symptoms developed 0.0009% Maximum allowable concentration short term in living area 0.0025% Maximum exposure TWA (Time Weighted Average) in the workplace. 0.005% Maximum exposure allowed (OSHA) in the workplace. 0.02% Mild headache, fatigue, nau sea and dizziness. 0.04% Serious headache other symptoms intensify. Life threatening after 3 hours. 0.08% Dizziness, nausea and convulsions Dead within 2 to 3 hours 0.16% Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 1 2 hours. 0.32% Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 1 hour. 0.64% Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within 25 30 minutes. The early air pollution laws were passed within small communities and concerned the color and density of the smoke that comes out from the stacks. They first appeared in Chicago and Cincinnati and later on began to show up also in other communities. A special chart determined the level of smoke. The chart showed smoke with different shades of gray and black. At a particular level violations would be set. No national air pollution legislation appeared until the 50s. The first federal legislation appeared in 1955 when the Air Pollution Control Act was passed. In 1965 the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Act was passed, establishing national automobile emission regulations for the first time. Then the Air Quality Act of 1967 was passed, providing funds for additional federal research and designating air quality control regions to help establish air pollution criteria. Another goal of this act was to research the cost -effectiveness relation of available engineering control techniques. Later, during the 70s National Air Quality Standards were set for the major pollutants. Primary standards were set for health, with secondary standards for vegetation and general environmental welfare. Penalties as high as $25.000 per day and a year in prison were authorized for industries that failed to meet the regulations. Automobiles emission standards were set. Additional adjustments to the 70s regulation came along in 1990. Each revised some of the older regulations. Some of which proved to be very strict and unattainable. Overall each new version strengthened and broadened the previous version. The most direct method of pollution co ntrol involves changing the fuel. High sulfur coal was responsible for the greatest smog outbreaks of the early twentieth century. Sulfur oxides and particulates reached dangerous levels in many areas, especially in industrial areas. During the 1960s and 1970s a switch to low sulfur oil, natural gas and nuclear power brought the levels of that kind of smog down to relatively low concentrations. Although complex control devices are available, the fuel switch in power plants accounts for most of the improvement. Of course change can introduce new problems. Natural gas combustion can increase the levels of nitrogen oxides, and nuclear power leads to new problems. Although we know that changing the fuel is not going to stop air pollution, but only reduce it, we are trying to find substitutes which will result to higher efficiency with lower emissions. Particles come in assorted sizes and shapes, and a number of control systems have been designed for removing them from the stream of gase s that go up the smokestack. The type of device depends on the type of particle and size. Soluble particles can be drained out of an effluent by washing with scrubbers. Sometimes, the particles will simply settle out before being emitted, in what are called settling chambers. Sometimes the gas is pushed through filters of cloth collectors. Other devices are even more sophisticated. The gas might be whipped around in a circular path, so that centrifugal force separates the particles. Those devices are called centrifugal separators. An other type of device is the electrostatic precipitators. This device delivers an electrical charge to the particles. An opposite charge is placed on a metal plate, and, because opposites attract, the particles will collect on the plate. Then the plate is cleaned off. Of course all these devices remove the particles, but once the particles have been removed the problem becomes how to dispose of the sludge. The toxicity of the material and its impact on t he environment become new considerations. One of the greatest polluters on Earth is the automobile. Volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxides are the major pollutants that come out of a cars exhaust. If the air-fuel mix is lean, there is a good deal of air and less fuel. The combustion temperature will be relatively high, which will favor the complete burning of the gases, and hydrocarbons will convert to water vapor and carbon dioxides. However if the mixture is not so lean, but richer with more fuel the temperature will be lower. Instead of completely burning the hydrocarbons with the oxygen, you end up with unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. So the conclusion here should be to have a very lean mix of air and fuel. The problem with that is the high temperature of efficient combustion. The oxygen and nitrogen in the air combine, resulting in a lot of nitrogen oxides. You may reduce the carbon-monoxide pollution in having a tr ansformation to carbon dioxide, but on the other hand, you re going to end up with more nitrogen oxides. Any hydrocarbons that dont burn can now combine with nitrogen oxides under strong sunlight to deliver photochemical smog. That is one of the major dilemmas of the internal combustion engine. There are control devices that can eliminate some of the pollutants from the internal combustion engine, most notably the catalytic converter. It raises the temperature of gases that will be exhausted, so there will be further burning of the hydrocarbons. As a result we end with more water vapor and carbon monoxide. Once exposure levels have been set, steps can be undertaken to reduce exposure to air pollution. These can be accomplished by regulation of man-made pollution through legislation. Many countries have set controls on pollution emissions for transportation vehicles and industry. This is usually done to through a variety of coordinating agencies which monitor the air and the environm ent. A significant problem that has to deal with all the changes is the cost. A company that has to install million dollar electrostatic precipitators may have a serious economic problem with pollution control But in general, the overall costs of not controlling air pollution are far greater that the collective costs of pollution control. The problem of course is the concentration of costs within specific industries. Creative techniques of distributing that cost could go a very long way in maintaining our standard of living while having good and healthy air to breath. Only through the efforts of scientists, business leaders, legislators, and individuals can we reduce the amount of air pollution on the planet. This challenge must be met by all of us in order to assure that a healthy environment will exist for us. In our businesses, communities and as individuals, we can make meaningful reductions of air pollutants and gases. In many cases, one action will reduce both air pollutant an d gas emissions. Home energy improvements, ride-sharing, alternative transportation, and tree planting programs are just some of the community-based solutions to reducing air pollutant and gas emissions. A typical automobile will emit more than 40% of its own weight in common air pollutants in one year, and four times its weight in greenhouse gases. So for those necessary trips by car, make sure that it is a well-tuned, energy-efficient model! Also, avoid idling our engines, as restarting an engine uses less fuel than ten seconds of idling. Other actions we can take at home and at work include: Turn off energy-using equipment (lights, computers, or any machinery) when it is not in use. Make your home more energy efficient through improved insulation, caulking and weather-stripping. Recycle, since it takes much less energy to create a new product using recycled materials than using raw materials. Compost kitchen scraps and yard waste, because organic waste in landfills creates gases that contribute to climate change. Plant trees around our home. Its a natural way to insulate, and trees help clean the air and slow climate change. Marilyn Monroe Essay Bibliography: